注释:
[1]John King Fairbank,Chinabound :A Fifty-Year Memoir(New York:Harperand Row ,1982):366;Richard Madsen ,China and the American Dream (Berkeley:University of California Press ,1995):55-56.
[2]These failings are dealt with(scathingly)in Simon Leys,Chinese Shadows(New York:Penguin Books,1978);and Thomas Metzger and Ramon Myers ,“SinologicalAhadows.”Washington Quarterly(March 1980):87-114.
[3]A telling auto-critique is offered by Franz Schurmann in the revised editionof his magisterial work.Ideology and Organization in Communist China (Berkeley:University of California ,1968)。
[4]This is not to deny the potential importance of legal reforms ,villageelections ,and other initiatives that have continued in the post-Tiananmen period.To date ,however,such measures–which remain under tight Party supervision–do not augur systemic transformation.
[5]Harry Harding ,“The Study of Chinese Politics :Toward a Third Generationof Scholarship,”World Politics,36(January 1984):284-307;Andrew Walder,Communist Neo –Traditionalism :Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley:University of California Press ,1986);and Vivienne Shue,The Reach ofthe State :Sketches of the Chinese Body Politic (Stanford:Stanford UniversityPress ,1988)offer trenchant critiques of the totalitarian and pluralist modelsthat dominated the first and second waves of scholarship on contemporary China.A discussion of the third wave can be found in Elizabeth J.Perry ,“Trends inthe Study of Chinese Politics :State–Society Realtions”,China Quarterly,139(September 1994):704-713.
[6]A retrospective can be found in Elizabeth J.Perry,“Remembering theFirst Decade of American Research in China”,China Exchange News,vol.24,no.1(Spring 1996)。
[7]Perry ,1994.
[8]Philip A.Kuhn,soul stealers(Cambridge ,MA :Harvard UniversityPress ,1990);Joseph W.Esherick.The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley:University of California Press ,1987);Philip Huang ,The Peasant Familyand Rural Development in the Yangzi Delta ,1350-1988(Stanford:Stanford UniversityPress ,1990)。
[9]Dorothy J.Solinger ,Contesting Citizenship in Urban China:PeasantMigrants,the State,and the Logic of the Market(Berkeley:University of CaliforniaPress ,1999)。
[10]Roderick MacFarquhar,The Origins of the Cultural Revolution :The Comingof the Cataclysm,1961-1966(New York:Columbia University Press,1997)。
[11]Elizabeth J.Perry and Li Xun,Proletarian Power:Shanghai in the CulturalRevolution(Boulder :Westview Press ,1997)。For a study of labor unrest duringthe Hundred Flowers Campaign which also used classified archival documents see ElizabethJ.Perry,“Shanghai‘s Strike Wave of 1957,”China Quarterly (September 1995)。
[12]Neil J.Diamant,Revolutionizing the Family :Politics ,Love ,andDivorce in Urban and Rural China,1949-1968(Berkeley:University of CaliforniaPress ,forthcoming in 2000);Martin Wood Frazier,The Accidental Factory :The Evolution of Labor Management in China,1927-66,University of California–Berkeley PhD dissertation(1997)。
[13]Jean C.Oi ,Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundations of EconomicReform(Berkeley:Uneversity of California Press ,1997);Andrew G.Walder ,“The County Government as an Industrial Corporation,”in Walder ,ed.,Zoupingin Transition (Cambridge :Harvard University Press ,1998);Victor Nee ,“A Theory of Market Transition ,”American Sociological Review(October 1989),vol.54,no.5:663-72.
[14]Edward S.Steinfeld,Forging Reform in China:The Fate of State-OwnedIndustry(Cambridge :Cambridge University Press ,1998);Susan H.Whiting ,Power and Wealth in Rural China :The Political Economy of Institutional Change(Cambridge :Cambridge University Press ,forthcoming);Doug Guthrie ,Dragonin a Three-Piece Suit :The Emergence of Capitalism in China (Princeton :PrincetonUniversity Press,1999)。
[15]These include,among others ,Huang Yasheng at Harvard ;Wang Shaoguangat Yale :Yang Dali at Chicago ;Pei Minxin ,formerly at Princeton and now withCarmegie;Shi Tianjian at Duke ;Li Cheng at Colgate;Lu Xiaobo at Barnard ;and Cui Zhiyuan at MIT.
[16]Kevin O‘Brien and Li Lianjiang,“Villagers and Popular Resistance inContemporary China,”Modern China(January 1996),vol.22,no.11:28-61;O ’Brien and Li,“The Politics of Lodging Complaints in Rural China ”,ChinaQuarterly ,(September 1995),no.143:756-783.Other examples of student-teachercollaboration include studies by Andrew Nathan and Shi Tianjian on political participation,by Lynn White and Li Cheng on elite politics,by Lowell Dittmer and Lu Xiaobo oninformal politics ,and by William Parish and Tang Wenfang on factory reforms.
[17]Mayfair Yang ,Gifts,Favors ,and Banquets :The Art of Social Relationshipsin China(Ithaca:Cornello University Press,1994);Yan Yunxiang ,The Flowof Gifts:Reciprocity and Social Networks in a Chinese Village (Stanford:StanfordUniversity Press,1996);Jun Jing ,The Temple of Memories :History,Power,and Morality in a Chinese Village (Stanford:Stanford University Press,1996);Ellen Hertz,The Trading Crowd:An Ethnography of the Shanghai Stock Market(Cambridge :Cambridge University Press ,1998)。
[18]Jeffrey N.Wasserstrom ,Student Protest in Twentieth-Century China :The View from Shanghai(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1991)。
[19]Jin Qiu,The Culture of Power :The Lin Biao Incident in the CulturalRevolution(Stanford:Stanford University Press,1999)。
[20]Alistair Iain Johnston ,Cultural Realism :Strategic Culture and GrandStrategy in Chinese History (Princeton :Princeton University Press ,1995);David Strand ,Rickshaw Beijing :City People and Politics in the 1920s(Berkeley:University of California Press ,1989);Julia Strauss,Strong Institutionsin Weak Polities:State Building in Republican China ,1927-1940(New York,OxfordUniversity Press,1998)。
[21]Letter from John King Fairbank to the Ford Foundation,Harvard University Archives.