根据研究目的,斯特克进一步将个案研究分成三种类型,分别是内在的个案研究(intrinsic case study)、工具性个案研究(instrumental case study)和多个案研究(multiple case study or collective case study)。在内在的个案研究中,研究者研究某个个案,并非因为该个案具有代表性或是具有某种特殊的性质,而是出于对该个案本身的兴趣。在工具性个案研究中,研究者更多地将个案当作探讨某种议题、提炼概括性结论的工具,对于个案本身的兴趣退居次要地位。多个案研究实际上是一种更为极端的工具性个案研究,研究者旨在研究某个总体或一般情况,对于特定的个案本身则没有什么兴趣。[iii]
在格尔兹对自己方法论的说明中,以及蒂利对“包围性比较”的概括中,已经不难窥见扩展个案方法(extended case method)思路的端倪——宏观与微观的结合和互动。但真正从方法论的高度对其进行论述和实践的,则首推社会人类学中的曼彻斯特学派。他们不再关注“当地人”应该做什么,而开始记录当地人实际上在做什么。同时考虑那些发生在时空之中的真实的事件、斗争和戏剧性场面。他们展现了规范性描述和日常实践之间的矛盾,并在追溯这些矛盾时,不仅考虑内在的冲突,同时把宏观的权力结构、国家、世界历史背景等因素考虑在内。[xlix]
[ii]Robert E.Stake,Qualitative Case Studies,In Norman K.Denzin and Yvonna S.Lincoln(eds.),The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research,Sage Publications,2005,P.444.
[iii]Robert E.Stake,Qualitative Case Studies.
[iv]Robert S.Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd,Middletown:A Study in Contemporary American Culture.New York:Harcourt Brace Company,1929.
[xx]John Walton,Making the Theoretical Case.In Charles C.Ragin and Howard S.Becker(eds.),What Is a Case?Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1992,P.122.
[xxiii]Giampietro Gobo,Sampling,Representativeness and Generalizability.In Clive Seale,Giampietro Gobo, Jaber F.Gubrium,and David Silverman(eds.),Qualitative Research Practice,Sage Publications,2004,P.452.
[xxviii]P.Alasuutari,ResearchingCulture:QualitativeMethod and Cultural Studies,Sage Publications,1995, P.152.
[xxix]Alan Scott,The Political Sociology of War.In Kate Nash and Alan Scott(eds.),The Blackwell Cornpanion to Political Sociology,Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2001,P.184.
[xxx]Theda Skocpol,States and Social Revolutions A Comparative Analysis of France,Russia,and China. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979,P.33.
[xlii]David Silverman,Doing Qualitative Research:A Practical Handbook,Sage Publications,2000.P. Alasuutari,Researching Culture:Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies,Sage Publications,1995, PP.155—156.
[xliii]Charles C.Ragin,Introduction:The Problem of Balancing Discourse on Cases and Variables in Comparative Social Science.In Charles C.Ragin(ed.),Issues and Alternatives in Comparative Social Research,E.J.Brill,2003,P.1.James Mahoney,and Dietrich Rueschemeyer,Comparative Historical Analysis:Achievements and Agendas.In James Mahoney and Dietrich Rueschemeyer(eds.), Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Science,Cambridge University Press,2003,P.9.
[xliv]Clive Seale,The Quality of Qualitative Research,P.110.
[xlv]Giampietro Gobo,Sampling,Representativeness and Generalizability.In Qualitative Research Practice,P.446.
[xlviii]Theda Skoepol,States and Social Revolutions:A Comparative Analysis of France,Russia,and China. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979,PP.38—39.
[xlix]Max Gluckman,Analysis ofa Social Situation in Modern Zululand,Manchester:Manchester University of Press,1958.Jaap Van Velsen,The Extended Case Method and Situational Analysis.In A.Epstein(ed.),The Craft of Urban Anthropology.London:Tavistock,1967.
[l]参见卢晖临《社区研究:源起、问题与新生》,载《开放时代》2005年第4期。
[li]Michael Burawoy,The Colour of Class on the Copper Mines,From African Advancement to Zambianization.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1972.另外,可参考Michael Burawoy,The Extended Case Method.Sociological Theory,vol.16,no.1,1998,PP.4—33。