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【注释】
①后来林毅夫反复申论这一观点,称毛泽东时代“中国经济的效率很低,这是因为:(1)由于工业结构偏离了经济的比较优势决定的产业结构,资源的配置效率低;(2)管理者与职工的工作积极性低,由此导致技术效率低”(林毅夫,2006:46)。另一位经济学家吴敬琏有类似的看法,认为改革开放前的“传统工业化道路造成了畸形的产业结构和低下的经济效率”,“高指标、高积累、低效率的增长模式一直持续,农业、农村和农民受到严重损害,轻工业发展滞后、服务业十分落后的状况也一直没有改变”(吴敬琏,2009)。美国经济学家科斯(Ronald H. Coase)及其合作者王宁在描述了毛泽东时代的中国经济状况之后,也得出这样的结论:“中国在毛泽东时代的大多数时候都极度闭关锁国”,“毛泽东留下的是一个苦难不堪的烂摊子以及一个漏洞百出的经济制度。同时经济上的失败也激起了民众的深深不满,他们大多渴望改变。在毛泽东执政的末期,社会凋零破败,经济支离破碎,政治迷惘失向……”(科斯、王宁,2013:30-31)。