Abs tract :In the perspective of nation-society concern in CulturalRevolution s tudies ,this paper is devoted to the analys is on the relationshipbetween the operation of nation-s tate power and the reflection of socialgroups over it;further,to the clarification the connection among nationalpolitical leaders 、power-pos ses sed elites and mas ses ,so as toacquire a better unders tanding on Chinese society.According to the criteriain this point of view ,the Cultural Revolution s tudies naturally flowinto three different categories :firs t ,the s tudies of the top power-holders in the leading-level ,especially the Mao s tudies;second ,the researches on the impact of nation power on the social groups ;third,the exploration on the reflexive ability of social groups over nationpower as agent.In particular ,we should pay es sential attention toa new trend in the third approach mentioned above :not yet confinedin the traditional totalitarianism model analys is,the academic eyeshotis switched and narrowed down to a new pos s ible interpretation of allthe social forces .
White 在分析文革中的暴力问题时,将中国社会的矛盾模式引入分析框架,在他看来,暴力反映了中国社会三种主要的矛盾,在这三种矛盾的共同作用下产生了文革,这些矛盾是:第一,身份的认定,如扣"帽子"(工人、干部、地主、反革命)的做法将人分成三六九等,这种等级的划分赋予了人们截然不同的政治地位;第二,组织内部的领导与群众的关系,这种关系依然是一种人身依附的关系;第三,周期性的群众运动,正是这种周期出现的群众运动使得暴力合法化。(White,1989)
Elizabeth Perry 和李逊合著的《无产阶级的力量》一书力求人性化地对工人运动进行解读,并寻找一种对工人行动的更有解释力的分析方式,那就是要分析工人分化的基础,探讨工人运动与同期学生运动和知识分子行动间的关系,以及解释中国社会主义体系内部变化的潜能。该书通过对上海工人的分析来讨论"大批判"(popular protest)的本质,作者放弃了从宏观的角度整合各种因素的努力,而是遵循就事论事的原则,用不同的理论框架解释文革中出现的不同类型的暴力冲突。作者认为,即使是在国家的威权之下,大批判的行动也并非是以无定式和无组织的状态进行,而是具备了相当的规模、更是有着紧密联系的纽带,呈现出多样性。虽然文革一直被称为"大乱",但是它同时也孕育了一大批自下而上的组织。毛泽东思想主导下的国家,与其说是压制了群众,不如说是催生了"集体性意见分歧"(collective dissent )的可能性,这种具有集体性的不同意见,在地方领袖的主导下,大众无组织的行动转变为清晰可辨的不同的社会联系,并实现了大众行动的组织化过程。作者强调,文革中所出现的真正了不起的并不是压迫性政治氛围自上而下的渗透,而是自下而上的有组织的大众的政治反应,以及这些政治反应表达出来的多样性。(Perry Li ,1997,chpt.Ⅰ)
对此他们使用Walder所强调的庇护与忠诚之间的非正式网络关系,强调保守派是这样一些人,"(他们)在文革之前与党内的庇护主义的非正式网络有着紧密的联结。他们是典型的激进主义分子,团体中领导人和副手、普通党员、劳动模范、共青团员和其他一些公认的积极分子。"(Walder ,1987,p.82)这一群体尽管明显地被国家规则所形塑,但利益群体这样的"委托-代理"的网络结构在其他的政治体系中也可以找到。造反派是文革中最复杂且事后证明最有影响力的工人行动派的一支,作者使用了与传统分析相去甚远的分析框架,强调了中国政治格局并非是铁板一块,而是一直存在着一种对抗的亚文化,一些胆大的个人会跃起挑战权威人物,反映了政治大环境中的个人雄心和智谋的巨大的政治能量。这些并不是"心理依赖"的人格特质——渴望臣服于上级领导所能够解释的。那些奋起挑战权威、批评党委和工作队的工人是一群不同寻常的、无畏大胆而且雄心勃勃的工人,他们精力充沛同时又暴躁易怒的人格特征往往脱胎于他们艰苦的家庭状况,滋养于经营在正统的党组织生活边缘的暴徒无赖的亚文化。北方籍贯人士、贫民区的童年生活以及青年时代的帮派经历都为造反派领袖的"培养"奠定了基础。与此同时,Perry延续了她的地缘政治的理论,强调地缘性的身份认同在造反派的派系发展中起到了显著的作用。在作者关注社会的笔下,我们看到了这样一幅在共产主义意识形态下的社会图景:一些工人深陷党内庇护网络中,他们倾向于采取服从的策略,成为保守派;一些工人从那些与正统的政治网络不相适宜的亚文化中获取了力量,挑战党内权威的霸权,成为造反派;还有一些工人表现出对于物质补偿的极大的关注,要求获得收入补偿、改善工作环境等等,他们对捍卫或是打倒党内领导人这样的政治游戏并不感冒。也就是说,单位制所诱导的绝对不止是顺从和依附,还有挑战和抗衡,两种态度都指向了个体的工作场所中的权威人物和体系自身的结构性特征。(Perry Li ,1997,chpt.Ⅶ)。
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